isanomaly

Find anomalies in data using isolation forest

Syntax

tf = isanomaly(forest,Tbl)

tf = isanomaly(forest,X)

tf = isanomaly(___,Name=Value)

[tf,scores] = isanomaly(___)

Description

tf = isanomaly(forest,Tbl) finds anomalies in the table Tbl using the IsolationForest object forest and returns the logical array tf, whose elements are true when an anomaly is detected in the corresponding row of Tbl. You must use this syntax if you create forest by passing a table to the iforest function.

tf = isanomaly(forest,X) finds anomalies in the matrix X. You must use this syntax if you create forest by passing a matrix to the iforest function.

tf = isanomaly(___,Name=Value) specifies options using one or more name-value arguments in addition to any of the input argument combinations in the previous syntaxes. For example, set ScoreThreshold=0.5 to identify observations with scores above 0.5 as anomalies.

[tf,scores] = isanomaly(___) also returns an anomaly score in the range [0,1] for each observation in Tbl or X. A score value close to 0 indicates a normal observation, and a value close to 1 indicates an anomaly.

Examples

Detect Novelties

Create an IsolationForest object for uncontaminated training observations by using the iforest function. Then detect novelties (anomalies in new data) by passing the object and the new data to the object function isanomaly.

Load the 1994 census data stored in census1994.mat. The data set consists of demographic data from the US Census Bureau to predict whether an individual makes over $50,000 per year.

load census1994

census1994 contains the training data set adultdata and the test data set adulttest.

Train an isolation forest model for adultdata. Assume that adultdata does not contain outliers.

rng("default") % For reproducibility
[Mdl,tf,s] = iforest(adultdata);

Mdl is an IsolationForest object. iforest also returns the anomaly indicators tf and anomaly scores s for the training data adultdata. If you do not specify the ContaminationFraction name-value argument as a value greater than 0, then iforest treats all training observations as normal observations, meaning all the values in tf are logical 0 (false). The function sets the score threshold to the maximum score value. Display the threshold value.

Mdl.ScoreThreshold

ans = 0.8600

Find anomalies in adulttest by using the trained isolation forest model.

[tf_test,s_test] = isanomaly(Mdl,adulttest);

The isanomaly function returns the anomaly indicators tf_test and scores s_test for adulttest. By default, isanomaly identifies observations with scores above the threshold (Mdl.ScoreThreshold) as anomalies.

Create histograms for the anomaly scores s and s_test. Create a vertical line at the threshold of the anomaly scores.

histogram(s,Normalization="probability")
hold on
histogram(s_test,Normalization="probability")
xline(Mdl.ScoreThreshold,"r-",join(["Threshold" Mdl.ScoreThreshold]))
legend("Training Data","Test Data",Location="northwest")
hold off

Display the observation index of the anomalies in the test data.

find(tf_test)

ans = 15655

The anomaly score distribution of the test data is similar to that of the training data, so isanomaly detects a small number of anomalies in the test data with the default threshold value. You can specify a different threshold value by using the ScoreThreshold name-value argument. For an example, see Specify Anomaly Score Threshold.

Specify Anomaly Score Threshold

Specify the threshold value for anomaly scores by using the ScoreThreshold name-value argument of isanomaly.

Load the 1994 census data stored in census1994.mat. The data set consists of demographic data from the US Census Bureau to predict whether an individual makes over $50,000 per year.

load census1994

census1994 contains the training data set adultdata and the test data set adulttest.

Train an isolation forest model for adultdata.

rng("default") % For reproducibility
[Mdl,tf,scores] = iforest(adultdata);

Plot a histogram of the score values. Create a vertical line at the default score threshold.

histogram(scores,Normalization="probability");
xline(Mdl.ScoreThreshold,"r-",join(["Threshold" Mdl.ScoreThreshold]))

Find the anomalies in the test data using the trained isolation forest model. Use a different threshold from the default threshold value obtained when training the isolation forest model.

First, determine the score threshold by using the isoutlier function.

[~,~,U] = isoutlier(scores)

U = 0.7449

Specify the value of the ScoreThreshold name-value argument as U.

[tf_test,scores_test] = isanomaly(Mdl,adulttest,ScoreThreshold=U);
histogram(scores_test,Normalization="probability")
xline(U,"r-",join(["Threshold" U]))

Input Arguments

forest — Trained isolation forest model

IsolationForest object

Trained isolation forest model, specified as an IsolationForest object.

Tbl — Predictor data

table

Predictor data, specified as a table. Each row of Tbl corresponds to one observation, and each column corresponds to one predictor variable. Multicolumn variables and cell arrays other than cell arrays of character vectors are not allowed.

If you train forest using a table, then you must provide predictor data by using Tbl, not X. All predictor variables in Tbl must have the same variable names and data types as those in the training data. However, the column order in Tbl does not need to correspond to the column order of the training data.

Data Types: table

X — Predictor data

numeric matrix

Predictor data, specified as a numeric matrix. Each row of X corresponds to one observation, and each column corresponds to one predictor variable.

If you train forest using a matrix, then you must provide predictor data by using X, not Tbl. The variables that make up the columns of X must have the same order as the training data.

Data Types: single | double

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Example: ScoreThreshold=0.75,UseParallel=true sets the threshold for the anomaly score to 0.75 and instructs the function to run computations in parallel.

ScoreThreshold — Threshold for anomaly score

forest.ScoreThreshold (default) | numeric scalar in the range [0,1]

Threshold for the anomaly score, specified as a numeric scalar in the range [0,1]. isanomaly identifies observations with scores above the threshold as anomalies.

The default value is the ScoreThreshold property value of forest.

Example: ScoreThreshold=0.5

Data Types: single | double

UseParallel — Flag to run in parallel

false (default) | true

Flag to run in parallel, specified as true or false. If you specify UseParallel=true, the isanomaly function executes for-loop iterations in parallel by using parfor. This option requires Parallel Computing Toolbox™.

Example: UseParallel=true

Data Types: logical

Output Arguments

tf — Anomaly indicators

logical column vector

Anomaly indicators, returned as a logical column vector. An element of tf is true when the observation in the corresponding row of Tbl or X is an anomaly, and false otherwise. tf has the same length as Tbl or X.

isanomaly identifies observations with scores above the threshold (the ScoreThreshold value) as anomalies.

scores — Anomaly scores

numeric column vector in the range [0,1]

Anomaly scores, returned as a numeric column vector whose values are in the range [0,1]. scores has the same length as Tbl or X, and each element of scores contains an anomaly score for the observation in the corresponding row of Tbl or X. A score value close to 0 indicates a normal observation, and a value close to 1 indicates an anomaly.

More About

Isolation Forest

The isolation forest algorithm [1] detects anomalies by isolating anomalies from normal points using an ensemble of isolation trees.

The iforest function builds an isolation forest (ensemble of isolation trees) for training observations and detects outliers (anomalies in the training data). Each isolation tree is trained for a subset of training observations, sampled without replacements. iforest grows an isolation tree by choosing a split variable and split position at random until every observation in a subset lands in a separate leaf node. Anomalies are few and different; therefore, an anomaly lands in a separate leaf node closer to the root node and has a shorter path length (the distance from the root node to the leaf node) than normal points. The function identifies outliers using anomaly scores defined based on the average path lengths over all isolation trees.

The isanomaly function uses a trained isolation forest to detect anomalies in data. For novelty detection (detecting anomalies in new data with uncontaminated training data), you can train an isolation forest with uncontaminated training data (data with no outliers) and use it to detect anomalies in new data. For each observation of the new data, the function finds the average path length to reach a leaf node from the root node in the trained isolation forest, and returns an anomaly indicator and score.

For more details, see Anomaly Detection with Isolation Forest.

Anomaly Scores

The isolation forest algorithm computes the anomaly score s(x) of an observation x by normalizing the path length h(x):

$$s(x)=2^{-\frac{E[h(x)]}{c(n)}},$$

where E[h(x)] is the average path length over all isolation trees in the isolation forest, and c(n) is the average path length of unsuccessful searches in a binary search tree of n observations.

• The score approaches 1 as E[h(x)] approaches 0. Therefore, a score value close to 1 indicates an anomaly.

• The score approaches 0 as E[h(x)] approaches n – 1. Also, the score approaches 0.5 when E[h(x)] approaches c(n). Therefore, a score value smaller than 0.5 and close to 0 indicates a normal point.

Algorithms

isanomaly considers NaN, '' (empty character vector), "" (empty string), <missing>, and <undefined> values in Tbl and NaN values in X to be missing values.

• isanomaly does not use observations with all missing values. The function assigns the anomaly score of 1 and anomaly indicator of false (logical 0) to the observations.

• isanomaly uses observations with some missing values to find splits on variables for which these observations have valid values.

References

[1] Liu, F. T., K. M. Ting, and Z. Zhou. "Isolation Forest," 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining. Pisa, Italy, 2008, pp. 413-422.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation

Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Usage notes and limitations:

• Use saveLearnerForCoder, loadLearnerForCoder, and codegen (MATLAB Coder) to generate code for the isanomaly function. Save a trained model by using saveLearnerForCoder. Define an entry-point function that loads the saved model by using loadLearnerForCoder and calls the isanomaly function. Then use codegen to generate code for the entry-point function. For an example, see Code Generation for Anomaly Detection.

• To generate single-precision C/C++ code for isanomaly, specify the name-value argument "DataType","single" when you call the loadLearnerForCoder function.

  Strict single-precision calculations are not supported. In the generated code, single-precision inputs produce single-precision outputs. However, variables inside the function might be double-precision.

• This table contains notes about the arguments of isanomaly. Arguments not included in this table are fully supported.

  Argument	Notes and Limitations
  Tbl	The entry-point function must do the following: Accept data as arrays. Create a table from the data input arguments and specify the variable names in the table. Pass the table to isanomaly. For an example of this table workflow, see Generate Code to Classify Data in Table. For more information on using tables in code generation, see Code Generation for Tables (MATLAB Coder) and Table Limitations for Code Generation (MATLAB Coder). The number of rows, or observations, in Tbl can be a variable size, but the number of columns in Tbl must be fixed.
  X	The number of rows, or observations, in X can be a variable size, but the number of columns in X must be fixed.
  ScoreThreshold	Names in name-value arguments must be compile-time constants.
  UseParallel	This name-value argument is not supported, but the function supports parallel computation through OpenMP. The generated code of isanomaly uses parfor (MATLAB Coder) to create loops that run in parallel on supported shared-memory multicore platforms in the generated code. If your compiler does not support the Open Multiprocessing (OpenMP) application interface or you disable OpenMP library, MATLAB® Coder™ treats the parfor-loops as for-loops. To find supported compilers, see Supported Compilers. To disable OpenMP library, set the EnableOpenMP property of the configuration object to false. For details, see coder.CodeConfig (MATLAB Coder).

For more information, see Introduction to Code Generation.

Automatic Parallel Support

Accelerate code by automatically running computation in parallel using Parallel Computing Toolbox™.

To run in parallel, set the UseParallel name-value argument to true in the call to this function.

For more general information about parallel computing, see Run MATLAB Functions with Automatic Parallel Support (Parallel Computing Toolbox).

Version History

Introduced in R2021b