serdes.DFE
Description
The serdes.DFE
System object™ modifies a baseband signal to minimize the ISI at the clock sampling times. The
decision feedback equalizer (DFE) samples data at each clock sample time and adjusts the
amplitude of the waveform with a correction voltage.
To modify the input signal using a DFE:
Create the
serdes.DFE
object and set its properties.Call the object with arguments, as if it were a function.
To learn more about how System objects work, see What Are System Objects?
Creation
Description
returns a DFE object that
modifies an input waveform with the DFE to minimize the intersymbol interference
(ISI).dfe
= serdes.DFE
sets properties using one or more name-value arguments. For example, dfe
= serdes.DFE(Name
=Value
)dfe =
serdes.DFE(Mode=1)
returns a DFE object that applies the specified DFE tap
weights to the input waveform.
Properties
Unless otherwise indicated, properties are nontunable, which means you cannot change their
values after calling the object. Objects lock when you call them, and the
release
function unlocks them.
If a property is tunable, you can change its value at any time.
For more information on changing property values, see System Design in MATLAB Using System Objects.
Mode
— DFE operating mode
2
(default) | 0
| 1
DFE operating mode, specified as 0
, 1
, or
2
. The operating mode you select determines the DFE tap weights
values that the object applies to the input waveform.
Mode Value | DFE Mode | DFE Operation |
---|---|---|
0 | Off | The object bypasses DFE and the input waveform remains unchanged. |
1 | Fixed | The object applies the DFE tap weights specified in
TapWeights to the input waveform. |
2 | Adapt | The object determines the optimum DFE tap weights and applies them to the input waveform. |
Data Types: double
TapWeights
— Initial DFE tap weights
[0 0 0 0]
(default) | row vector
Initial DFE tap weights, specified as a row vector in volts. The length of the vector determines the number of taps. The vector elements signify the tap weights or tap strength. Set the tap weight to zero to initialize the tap.
Data Types: double
MinimumTap
— Minimum value of adapted tap weights
-1
(default) | real scalar | real-valued row vector
Minimum value of the adapted tap weights, specified as a real scalar or a
real-valued row vector in volts. Specify as a scalar to apply to apply the same minimum
value to all the DFE taps, or specify as a vector that has the same length as the
TapWeights
.
Data Types: double
MaximumTap
— Maximum value of adapted tap weights
1
(default) | nonnegative real scalar | nonnegative real-valued row vector
Maximum value of the adapted tap weights, specified as a nonnegative real scalar or
a nonnegative real-valued row vector in volts. Specify as a scalar to apply the same
maximum value to all the DFE taps, or specify as a vector that has the same length as
the TapWeights
.
Data Types: double
EqualizationGain
— Controls for update rate of tap weights
9.6e-5
(default) | positive real scalar
Controls for update rate of tap weights, specified as a unitless nonnegative real scalar. Increase the value of this property for the DFE adaptation to converge faster at the expense of more noise in the DFE tap values.
Data Types: double
EqualizationStep
— DFE adaptive step resolution
1e-6
(default) | nonnegative real scalar | nonnegative real-valued row vector
DFE adaptive step resolution, specified as a nonnegative real scalar or a
nonnegative real-valued row vector in volts. Specify as a scalar to apply the same value
to all the DFE taps, or specify as a vector that has the same length as
TapWeights
.
EqualizationStep
specifies the minimum change in DFE taps from
one time step to the next to mimic hardware limitations. Setting
EqualizationStep
to zero yields DFE tap values without any
resolution limitation.
Data Types: double
Taps2x
— Multiply DFE tap weights by a factor of two
false (default) | true
Multiply DFE tap weights by a factor of two, specified as true or false. Set this property to true
The output of the slicer in the serdes.DFE
System object from the SerDes Toolbox™ is [-0.5 0.5]. But some industry applications require the slicer output to
be [-1 1]. Taps2x
allows you to quickly double the DFE tap weights
to change the slicer reference.
SymbolTime
— Time of single symbol duration
1e-10
(default) | real scalar
Time of a single symbol duration, specified as a real scalar in seconds (s).
Data Types: double
SampleInterval
— Uniform time step of waveform
6.25e-12
(default) | real scalar
Uniform time step of the waveform, specified as a real scalar in seconds (s).
Data Types: double
Modulation
— Modulation scheme
2
(default) | 3
| 4
Modulation scheme, specified as 2
, 3
or
4
.
Modulation Value | Modulation Scheme |
---|---|
2 | Non-return to zero (NRZ) |
3 | Three-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM3) |
4 | Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) |
Note
IBIS does not support a PAM3 modulation scheme, so you cannot export the System object to IBIS-AMI model if you set the modulation scheme to PAM3.
Data Types: double
WaveType
— Input waveform type
'Sample'
(default) | 'Impulse'
Input waveform type, specified as one of these:
'Sample'
— A sample-by-sample input signal.'Impulse'
— An impulse-response input signal.
Data Types: char
Usage
Syntax
Input Arguments
x
— Input baseband signal
scalar | vector
Input baseband signal, specified as a scalar or vector. If you set the
WaveType
property to 'Sample'
, then the
input signal is a sample-by-sample signal specified as a scalar. If you set the
WaveType
property to 'Impulse'
, the input
signal is an impulse-response vector signal.
Output Arguments
y
— Modified channel output
scalar | vector
Modified channel output, returned as a scalar or vector. If the input signal is a sample-by-sample signal specified as a scalar, then the output signal is also a scalar. If the input signal is an impulse-response signal specified as a vector, then the output signal is also a vector.
TapWeights
— Estimated DFE tap weight values
vector
Estimated DFE tap weight values, returned as a vector.
Object Functions
To use an object function, specify the
System object as the first input argument. For
example, to release system resources of a System object named obj
, use
this syntax:
release(obj)
Examples
Equalize Baseband Signal Using DFE System Object
This example shows how to equalize a baseband signal using standalone DFE and CDR System objects. Use a symbol time of 80 ps and 8 samples per symbol. Set the channel loss to 8 dB, modulation scheme to NRZ, and number of DFE taps to 1.
N = 6000; %Number of symbols to simulate SymbolTime = 80e-12; SamplesPerSymbol = 8; ChannelLoss = 8; Modulation = 2; %Number of modulation levels nDFEtaps = 1; %Number of DFE taps
Define the system stimulus using a serdes.Stimulus
System object.
dt = SymbolTime/SamplesPerSymbol; %sample interval F = 1/SymbolTime/2; %Fundamental frequency Stimulus = serdes.Stimulus(SampleInterval=dt,SymbolTime=SymbolTime,... Modulation=Modulation);
Define the channel model System object.
channelModel = serdes.ChannelLoss(Loss=ChannelLoss,dt=dt,...
TargetFrequency= F);
Create the CDR System object.
CDR = serdes.CDR(SymbolTime=SymbolTime,... SampleInterval=dt,Step=1/64,... Modulation=Modulation);
Create the DFE System object.
DFE = serdes.DFE(SymbolTime=SymbolTime,... SampleInterval=dt,TapWeights=zeros(1,nDFEtaps),... EqualizationGain=2e-3,Modulation=Modulation);
Initialize the signals.
waveIn = zeros(N*SamplesPerSymbol,1); waveOut = zeros(N*SamplesPerSymbol,1); phase = zeros(size(waveIn)); tapsOut = zeros(N*SamplesPerSymbol,nDFEtaps);
Simulate the system with the CDR and DFE System objects.
for ii = 1:length(waveIn) %Create the input signal waveIn(ii) = channelModel(step(Stimulus)); %Apply clock data recovery to the waveform [phase(ii),clkAMI,details]=CDR(waveIn(ii)); %Pass the waveform, clock, and recovered data to the DFE [waveOut(ii),tapsOut(ii,:)]=DFE(waveIn(ii),clkAMI.clockValidOnRising,details.symbolRecovered); end
Visualize the waveform, eye diagram, CDR phase, and DFE tap weight adaptation.
t = dt*(0:length(waveIn)-1); w = waveOut(end-50*SamplesPerSymbol+1:end); M = reshape(w,SamplesPerSymbol,[]); figure subplot(221) plot(t(1:length(w)),w) xlabel('s') ylabel('V') title('Equalized Waveform') subplot(222) plot(t,phase) xlabel('s') ylabel('Fraction of Symbol Time') title('CDR Phase') subplot(223) plot(t(1:SamplesPerSymbol),M,'b') xlabel('s') ylabel('V') title('Eye Diagram') subplot(224) plot(t,tapsOut) xlabel('s') ylabel('V') title('DFE Tap Weight')
More About
Adapt Operating Mode
The Init subsystem calls to the serdes.DFE
. The
serdes.DFE
finds the optimum DFE tap values for the best eye height
opening for statistical analysis. During time domain simulation, DFE uses the adapted values
as the starting point and applies them to the input waveform. For more information about the
Init subsystem, see Statistical Analysis in SerDes Systems
Version History
Introduced in R2023a
See Also
serdes.CDR
| serdes.DFECDR
| DFECDR | CDR
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