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normalbvarm

Bayesian vector autoregression (VAR) model with normal conjugate prior and fixed covariance for data likelihood

Since R2020a

Description

The Bayesian VAR model object normalbvarm specifies the prior distribution of the array of model coefficients Λ in an m-D VAR(p) model, where the innovations covariance matrix Σ is known and fixed. The prior distribution of Λ is the normal conjugate prior model.

In general, when you create a Bayesian VAR model object, it specifies the joint prior distribution and characteristics of the VARX model only. That is, the model object is a template intended for further use. Specifically, to incorporate data into the model for posterior distribution analysis, pass the model object and data to the appropriate object function.

Creation

Description

To create a normalbvarm object, use either the normalbvarm function (described here) or the bayesvarm function. The syntaxes for each function are similar, but the options differ. bayesvarm enables you to set prior hyperparameter values for Minnesota prior[1] regularization easily, whereas normalbvarm requires the entire specification of prior distribution hyperparameters.

example

PriorMdl = normalbvarm(numseries,numlags) creates a numseries-D Bayesian VAR(numlags) model object PriorMdl, which specifies dimensionalities and prior assumptions for all model coefficients λ=vec(Λ)=vec([Φ1Φ2ΦpcδΒ]), where:

  • numseries = m, the number of response time series variables.

  • numlags = p, the AR polynomial order.

  • The prior distribution of λ is the normal conjugate prior model.

  • The fixed innovations covariance Σ is the m-by-m identity matrix.

example

PriorMdl = normalbvarm(numseries,numlags,Name,Value) sets writable properties (except NumSeries and P) using name-value pair arguments. Enclose each property name in quotes. For example, normalbvarm(3,2,'Sigma',4*eye(3),'SeriesNames',["UnemploymentRate" "CPI" "FEDFUNDS"]) specifies the names of the three response variables in the Bayesian VAR(2) model, and fixes the innovations covariance matrix at 4*eye(3).

Input Arguments

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Number of time series m, specified as a positive integer. numseries specifies the dimensionality of the multivariate response variable yt and innovation εt.

numseries sets the NumSeries property.

Data Types: double

Number of lagged responses in each equation of yt, specified as a nonnegative integer. The resulting model is a VAR(numlags) model; each lag has a numseries-by-numseries coefficient matrix.

numlags sets the P property.

Data Types: double

Properties

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You can set writable property values when you create the model object by using name-value argument syntax, or after you create the model object by using dot notation. For example, to create a 3-D Bayesian VAR(1) model and label the first through third response variables, and then include a linear time trend term, enter:

PriorMdl = normalbvarm(3,1,'SeriesNames',["UnemploymentRate" "CPI" "FEDFUNDS"]);
PriorMdl.IncludeTrend = true;

Model Characteristics and Dimensionality

Model description, specified as a string scalar or character vector. The default value describes the model dimensionality, for example '2-Dimensional VAR(3) Model'.

Example: "Model 1"

Data Types: string | char

This property is read-only.

Number of time series m, specified as a positive integer. NumSeries specifies the dimensionality of the multivariate response variable yt and innovation εt.

Data Types: double

This property is read-only.

Multivariate autoregressive polynomial order, specified as a nonnegative integer. P is the maximum lag that has a nonzero coefficient matrix.

P specifies the number of presample observations required to initialize the model.

Data Types: double

Response series names, specified as a NumSeries length string vector. The default is ['Y1' 'Y2' ... 'YNumSeries']. normalbvarm stores SeriesNames as a string vector.

Example: ["UnemploymentRate" "CPI" "FEDFUNDS"]

Data Types: string

Flag for including a model constant c, specified as a value in this table.

ValueDescription
falseResponse equations do not include a model constant.
trueAll response equations contain a model constant.

Data Types: logical

Flag for including a linear time trend term δt, specified as a value in this table.

ValueDescription
falseResponse equations do not include a linear time trend term.
trueAll response equations contain a linear time trend term.

Data Types: logical

Number of exogenous predictor variables in the model regression component, specified as a nonnegative integer. normalbvarm includes all predictor variables symmetrically in each response equation.

Distribution Hyperparameters

Mean of the multivariate normal prior on λ, specified as a NumSeries*k-by-1 numeric vector, where k = NumSeries*P + IncludeIntercept + IncludeTrend + NumPredictors (the number of coefficients in a response equation).

Mu(1:k) corresponds to all coefficients in the equation of response variable SeriesNames(1), Mu((k + 1):(2*k)) corresponds to all coefficients in the equation of response variable SeriesNames(2), and so on. For a set of indices corresponding to an equation:

  • Elements 1 through NumSeries correspond to the lag 1 AR coefficients of the response variables ordered by SeriesNames.

  • Elements NumSeries + 1 through 2*NumSeries correspond to the lag 2 AR coefficients of the response variables ordered by SeriesNames.

  • In general, elements (q – 1)*NumSeries + 1 through q*NumSeries corresponds to the lag q AR coefficients of the response variables ordered by SeriesNames.

  • If IncludeConstant is true, element NumSeries*P + 1 is the model constant.

  • If IncludeTrend is true, element NumSeries*P + 2 is the linear time trend coefficient.

  • If NumPredictors > 0, elements NumSeries*P + 3 through k constitute the vector of regression coefficients of the exogenous variables.

This figure shows the structure of the transpose of Mu for a 2-D VAR(3) model that contains a constant vector and four exogenous predictors:

[ϕ1,11ϕ1,12ϕ2,11ϕ2,12ϕ3,11ϕ3,12c1β11β12β13β14y1,tϕ1,21ϕ1,22ϕ2,21ϕ2,22ϕ3,21ϕ3,22c2β21β22β23β24y2,t],

where

  • ϕq,jk is element (j,k) of the lag q AR coefficient matrix.

  • cj is the model constant in the equation of response variable j.

  • Bju is the regression coefficient of the exogenous variable u in the equation of response variable j.

Tip

bayesvarm enables you to specify Mu easily by using the Minnesota regularization method. To specify Mu directly:

  1. Set separate variables for the prior mean of each coefficient matrix and vector.

  2. Horizontally concatenate all coefficient means in this order:

    Coeff=[Φ1Φ2ΦpcδΒ].

  3. Vectorize the transpose of the coefficient mean matrix.

    Mu = Coeff.';
    Mu = Mu(:);

Data Types: double

Conditional covariance matrix of multivariate normal prior on λ, specified as a NumSeries*k-by-NumSeries*k symmetric, positive definite matrix, where k = NumSeries*P + IncludeIntercept + IncludeTrend + NumPredictors (the number of coefficients in a response equation).

Row and column indices correspond to the model coefficients in the same way as Mu. For example, consider a 3-D VAR(2) model containing a constant and four exogenous variables.

  • V(1,1) is Var(ϕ1,11).

  • V(5,6) is Cov(ϕ2,12,ϕ2,13).

  • V(8,9) is Cov(β11,β12).

Tip

bayesvarm enables you to create any Bayesian VAR prior model and specify V easily by using the Minnesota regularization method.

Data Types: double

Fixed innovations covariance matrix Σ of the NumSeries innovations at each time t = 1,...,T, specified as a NumSeries-by-NumSeries positive definite numeric matrix. Rows and columns correspond to innovations in the equations of the response variables ordered by SeriesNames.

Sigma sets the Covariance property.

Data Types: double

VAR Model Parameters Derived from Distribution Hyperparameters

This property is read-only.

Distribution mean of the autoregressive coefficient matrices Φ1,…,Φp associated with the lagged responses, specified as a P-D cell vector of NumSeries-by-NumSeries numeric matrices.

AR{j} is Φj, the coefficient matrix of lag j. Rows correspond to equations and columns correspond to lagged response variables; SeriesNames determines the order of response variables and equations. Coefficient signs are those of the VAR model expressed in difference-equation notation.

If P = 0, AR is an empty cell. Otherwise, AR is the collection of AR coefficient means extracted from Mu.

Data Types: cell

This property is read-only.

Distribution mean of the model constant c (or intercept), specified as a NumSeries-by-1 numeric vector. Constant(j) is the constant in equation j; SeriesNames determines the order of equations.

If IncludeConstant = false, Constant is an empty array. Otherwise, Constant is the model constant vector mean extracted from Mu.

Data Types: double

This property is read-only.

Distribution mean of the linear time trend δ, specified as a NumSeries-by-1 numeric vector. Trend(j) is the linear time trend in equation j; SeriesNames determines the order of equations.

If IncludeTrend = false (the default), Trend is an empty array. Otherwise, Trend is the linear time trend coefficient mean extracted from Mu.

Data Types: double

This property is read-only.

Distribution mean of the regression coefficient matrix B associated with the exogenous predictor variables, specified as a NumSeries-by-NumPredictors numeric matrix.

Beta(j,:) contains the regression coefficients of each predictor in the equation of response variable j yj,t. Beta(:,k) contains the regression coefficient in each equation of predictor xk. By default, all predictor variables are in the regression component of all response equations. You can down-weight a predictor from an equation by specifying, for the corresponding coefficient, a prior mean of 0 in Mu and a small variance in V.

When you create a model, the predictor variables are hypothetical. You specify predictor data when you operate on the model (for example, when you estimate the posterior by using estimate). Columns of the predictor data determine the order of the columns of Beta.

Data Types: double

This property is read-only.

Fixed innovations covariance matrix Σ of the NumSeries innovations at each time t = 1,...,T, specified as a NumSeries-by-NumSeries symmetric, positive definite numeric matrix. Rows and columns correspond to innovations in the equations of the response variables ordered by SeriesNames.

The Sigma property sets Covariance.

Data Types: double

Object Functions

estimateEstimate posterior distribution of Bayesian vector autoregression (VAR) model parameters
forecastForecast responses from Bayesian vector autoregression (VAR) model
simsmoothSimulation smoother of Bayesian vector autoregression (VAR) model
simulateSimulate coefficients and innovations covariance matrix of Bayesian vector autoregression (VAR) model
summarizeDistribution summary statistics of Bayesian vector autoregression (VAR) model

Examples

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Consider the 3-D VAR(4) model for the US inflation (INFL), unemployment (UNRATE), and federal funds (FEDFUNDS) rates.

[INFLtUNRATEtFEDFUNDSt]=c+j=14Φj[INFLt-jUNRATEt-jFEDFUNDSt-j]+[ε1,tε2,tε3,t].

For all t, εt is a series of independent 3-D normal innovations with a mean of 0 and fixed covariance Σ = I, the 3-D identity matrix. Assume that the prior distribution vec([Φ1,...,Φ4,c])Ν39(μ,V), where μ is a 39-by-1 vector of means and V is the 39-by-39 covariance matrix.

Create a normal conjugate prior model for the 3-D VAR(4) model parameters.

numseries = 3;
numlags = 4;
PriorMdl = normalbvarm(numseries,numlags)
PriorMdl = 
  normalbvarm with properties:

        Description: "3-Dimensional VAR(4) Model"
          NumSeries: 3
                  P: 4
        SeriesNames: ["Y1"    "Y2"    "Y3"]
    IncludeConstant: 1
       IncludeTrend: 0
      NumPredictors: 0
                 Mu: [39x1 double]
                  V: [39x39 double]
              Sigma: [3x3 double]
                 AR: {[3x3 double]  [3x3 double]  [3x3 double]  [3x3 double]}
           Constant: [3x1 double]
              Trend: [3x0 double]
               Beta: [3x0 double]
         Covariance: [3x3 double]

PriorMdl is a normalbvarm Bayesian VAR model object representing the prior distribution of the coefficients of the 3-D VAR(4) model. The command line display shows properties of the model. You can display properties by using dot notation.

Display the prior mean matrices of the four AR coefficients by setting each matrix in the cell to a variable.

AR1 = PriorMdl.AR{1}
AR1 = 3×3

     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     0

AR2 = PriorMdl.AR{2}
AR2 = 3×3

     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     0

AR3 = PriorMdl.AR{3}
AR3 = 3×3

     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     0

AR4 = PriorMdl.AR{4}
AR4 = 3×3

     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     0

normalbvarm centers all AR coefficients at 0 by default. The AR property is read only, but it is derived from the writeable property Mu.

Display the fixed innovations covariance Σ.

PriorMdl.Covariance
ans = 3×3

     1     0     0
     0     1     0
     0     0     1

Covariance is a read-only property. To set the value Σ , use the 'Sigma' name-value pair argument or specify the Sigma property by using dot notation. For example:

PriorMdl.Sigma = 4*eye(PriorMdl.NumSeries);

Consider the 3-D VAR(4) model of Create Normal Conjugate Prior Model.

Suppose econometric theory dictates that

Σ=[10-5010-400.1-0.210-4-0.21.6].

Create a normal conjugate prior model for the VAR model coefficients. Specify the value of Σ.

numseries = 3;
numlags = 4;
Sigma = [10e-5 0 10e-4; 0 0.1 -0.2; 10e-4 -0.2 1.6]; 

PriorMdl = normalbvarm(numseries,numlags,'Sigma',Sigma)
PriorMdl = 
  normalbvarm with properties:

        Description: "3-Dimensional VAR(4) Model"
          NumSeries: 3
                  P: 4
        SeriesNames: ["Y1"    "Y2"    "Y3"]
    IncludeConstant: 1
       IncludeTrend: 0
      NumPredictors: 0
                 Mu: [39x1 double]
                  V: [39x39 double]
              Sigma: [3x3 double]
                 AR: {[3x3 double]  [3x3 double]  [3x3 double]  [3x3 double]}
           Constant: [3x1 double]
              Trend: [3x0 double]
               Beta: [3x0 double]
         Covariance: [3x3 double]

Because Σ is fixed for normalbvarm prior models, PriorMdl.Sigma and PriorMdl.Covariance are equal.

PriorMdl.Sigma
ans = 3×3

    0.0001         0    0.0010
         0    0.1000   -0.2000
    0.0010   -0.2000    1.6000

PriorMdl.Covariance
ans = 3×3

    0.0001         0    0.0010
         0    0.1000   -0.2000
    0.0010   -0.2000    1.6000

Consider a 1-D Bayesian AR(2) model for the daily NASDAQ returns from January 2, 1990 through December 31, 2001.

yt=c+ϕ1yt-1+ϕ2yt-1+εt.

The coefficient prior distribution is [ϕ1ϕ2c]|σ2N3(μ,V), where μ is a 3-by-1 vector of coefficient means and V is a 3-by-3 covariance matrix. Assume Var(εt) is 2.

Create a normal conjugate prior model for the AR(2) model parameters.

numseries = 1;
numlags = 2;
PriorMdl = normalbvarm(numseries,numlags,'Sigma',2)
PriorMdl = 
  normalbvarm with properties:

        Description: "1-Dimensional VAR(2) Model"
          NumSeries: 1
                  P: 2
        SeriesNames: "Y1"
    IncludeConstant: 1
       IncludeTrend: 0
      NumPredictors: 0
                 Mu: [3x1 double]
                  V: [3x3 double]
              Sigma: 2
                 AR: {[0]  [0]}
           Constant: [0]
              Trend: [1x0 double]
               Beta: [1x0 double]
         Covariance: [2]

In the 3-D VAR(4) model of Create Normal Conjugate Prior Model, consider excluding lags 2 and 3 from the model.

You cannot exclude coefficient matrices from models, but you can specify high prior tightness on zero for coefficients that you want to exclude.

Create a normal conjugate prior model for the 3-D VAR(4) model parameters. Specify response variable names.

By default, AR coefficient prior means are zero. Specify high tightness values for lags 2 and 3 by setting their prior variances to 1e-6. Leave all other coefficient tightness values at their defaults:

  • 1 for AR coefficient variances

  • 1e3 for constant vector variances

  • 0 for all coefficient covariances

numseries = 3;
numlags = 4;
seriesnames = ["INFL"; "UNRATE"; "FEDFUNDS"];
vPhi1 = ones(numseries,numseries);
vPhi2 = 1e-6*ones(numseries,numseries);
vPhi3 = 1e-6*ones(numseries,numseries);
vPhi4 = ones(numseries,numseries);
vc = 1e3*ones(3,1);
Vmat = [vPhi1 vPhi2 vPhi3 vPhi4 vc]';
V = diag(Vmat(:));
PriorMdl = normalbvarm(numseries,numlags,'SeriesNames',seriesnames,...
    'V',V)
PriorMdl = 
  normalbvarm with properties:

        Description: "3-Dimensional VAR(4) Model"
          NumSeries: 3
                  P: 4
        SeriesNames: ["INFL"    "UNRATE"    "FEDFUNDS"]
    IncludeConstant: 1
       IncludeTrend: 0
      NumPredictors: 0
                 Mu: [39x1 double]
                  V: [39x39 double]
              Sigma: [3x3 double]
                 AR: {[3x3 double]  [3x3 double]  [3x3 double]  [3x3 double]}
           Constant: [3x1 double]
              Trend: [3x0 double]
               Beta: [3x0 double]
         Covariance: [3x3 double]

normalbvarm options enable you to specify coefficient prior hyperparameter values directly, but bayesvarm options are well suited for tuning hyperparameters following the Minnesota regularization method.

Consider the 3-D VAR(4) model of Create Normal Conjugate Prior Model. The model contains 39 coefficients. For coefficient sparsity, create a normal conjugate Bayesian VAR model by using bayesvarm. Specify the following, a priori:

  • Each response is an AR(1) model, on average, with lag 1 coefficient 0.75.

  • Prior self-lag coefficients have variance 100. This large variance setting allows the data to influence the posterior more than the prior.

  • Prior cross-lag coefficients have variance 1. This small variance setting tightens the cross-lag coefficients to zero during estimation.

  • Prior coefficient covariances decay with increasing lag at a rate of 2 (that is, lower lags are more important than higher lags).

  • The innovations covariance Σ = I.

numseries = 3;
numlags = 4;
seriesnames = ["INFL"; "UNRATE"; "FEDFUNDS"];
Sigma = eye(numseries);
PriorMdl = bayesvarm(numseries,numlags,'ModelType','normal','Sigma',Sigma,...
    'Center',0.75,'SelfLag',100,'CrossLag',1,'Decay',2,'SeriesNames',seriesnames)
PriorMdl = 
  normalbvarm with properties:

        Description: "3-Dimensional VAR(4) Model"
          NumSeries: 3
                  P: 4
        SeriesNames: ["INFL"    "UNRATE"    "FEDFUNDS"]
    IncludeConstant: 1
       IncludeTrend: 0
      NumPredictors: 0
                 Mu: [39x1 double]
                  V: [39x39 double]
              Sigma: [3x3 double]
                 AR: {[3x3 double]  [3x3 double]  [3x3 double]  [3x3 double]}
           Constant: [3x1 double]
              Trend: [3x0 double]
               Beta: [3x0 double]
         Covariance: [3x3 double]

Display all prior coefficient means.

Phi1 = PriorMdl.AR{1}
Phi1 = 3×3

    0.7500         0         0
         0    0.7500         0
         0         0    0.7500

Phi2 = PriorMdl.AR{2}
Phi2 = 3×3

     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     0

Phi3 = PriorMdl.AR{3}
Phi3 = 3×3

     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     0

Phi4 = PriorMdl.AR{4}
Phi4 = 3×3

     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     0

Display a heatmap of the prior coefficient covariances for each response equation.

numexocoeffseqn = PriorMdl.IncludeConstant + ...
    PriorMdl.IncludeTrend + PriorMdl.NumPredictors;             % Number of exogenous coefficients per equation
numcoeffseqn = PriorMdl.NumSeries*PriorMdl.P + numexocoeffseqn; % Total number of coefficients per equation
arcoeffnames = strings(numseries,numlags,numseries);
for j = 1:numseries         % Equations
    for r = 1:numlags
        for k = 1:numseries % Response Variables
            arcoeffnames(k,r,j) = "\phi_{"+r+","+j+k+"}";
        end
    end
    arcoeffseqn = arcoeffnames(:,:,j);
    idx = ((j-1)*numcoeffseqn + 1):(numcoeffseqn*j) - numexocoeffseqn;
    Veqn = PriorMdl.V(idx,idx);
    figure
    heatmap(arcoeffseqn(:),arcoeffseqn(:),Veqn);
    title(sprintf('Equation of %s',seriesnames(j)))
end

Consider the 3-D VAR(4) model of Create Normal Conjugate Prior Model. Estimate the posterior distribution, and generate forecasts from the corresponding posterior predictive distribution.

Load and Preprocess Data

Load the US macroeconomic data set. Compute the inflation rate. Plot all response series.

load Data_USEconModel
seriesnames = ["INFL" "UNRATE" "FEDFUNDS"];
DataTimeTable.INFL = 100*[NaN; price2ret(DataTimeTable.CPIAUCSL)];

figure 
plot(DataTimeTable.Time,DataTimeTable{:,seriesnames})
legend(seriesnames)

Stabilize the unemployment and federal funds rates by applying the first difference to each series.

DataTimeTable.DUNRATE = [NaN; diff(DataTimeTable.UNRATE)];
DataTimeTable.DFEDFUNDS = [NaN; diff(DataTimeTable.FEDFUNDS)];
seriesnames(2:3) = "D" + seriesnames(2:3);

Remove all missing values from the data.

rmDataTimeTable = rmmissing(DataTimeTable);

Create Prior Model

Create a normal conjugate Bayesian VAR(4) prior model for the three response series. Specify the response variable names. Assume that the innovations covariance is the identity matrix.

numseries = numel(seriesnames);
numlags = 4;

PriorMdl = normalbvarm(numseries,numlags,'SeriesNames',seriesnames);

Estimate Posterior Distribution

Estimate the posterior distribution by passing the prior model and entire data series to estimate.

PosteriorMdl = estimate(PriorMdl,rmDataTimeTable{:,seriesnames},'Display','equation');
Bayesian VAR under normal priors and fixed Sigma
Effective Sample Size:          197
Number of equations:            3
Number of estimated Parameters: 39
                                                                                 VAR Equations                                                                                
           | INFL(-1)  DUNRATE(-1)  DFEDFUNDS(-1)  INFL(-2)  DUNRATE(-2)  DFEDFUNDS(-2)  INFL(-3)  DUNRATE(-3)  DFEDFUNDS(-3)  INFL(-4)  DUNRATE(-4)  DFEDFUNDS(-4)  Constant 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 INFL      |  0.1260     -0.4400        0.1049      0.3176     -0.0545        0.0440      0.4173      0.2421        0.0515      0.0247     -0.1639        0.0080      0.1064  
           | (0.1367)    (0.2673)      (0.0700)    (0.1551)    (0.2854)      (0.0739)    (0.1536)    (0.2811)      (0.0766)    (0.1605)    (0.2652)      (0.0708)    (0.1483) 
 DUNRATE   | -0.0236      0.4440        0.0350      0.0900      0.2295        0.0520     -0.0330      0.0567        0.0010      0.0298     -0.1665        0.0104     -0.0536  
           | (0.1367)    (0.2673)      (0.0700)    (0.1551)    (0.2854)      (0.0739)    (0.1536)    (0.2811)      (0.0766)    (0.1605)    (0.2652)      (0.0708)    (0.1483) 
 DFEDFUNDS | -0.1514     -1.3408       -0.2762      0.3275     -0.2971       -0.3041      0.2609     -0.6971        0.0130     -0.0692      0.1392       -0.1341     -0.3902  
           | (0.1367)    (0.2673)      (0.0700)    (0.1551)    (0.2854)      (0.0739)    (0.1536)    (0.2811)      (0.0766)    (0.1605)    (0.2652)      (0.0708)    (0.1483) 
 
     Innovations Covariance Matrix    
           | INFL  DUNRATE  DFEDFUNDS 
--------------------------------------
 INFL      |  1      0         0      
           |  (0)    (0)       (0)    
 DUNRATE   |  0      1         0      
           |  (0)    (0)       (0)    
 DFEDFUNDS |  0      0         1      
           |  (0)    (0)       (0)    

Because the prior is conjugate for the data likelihood, the posterior is analytically tractable. By default, estimate uses the first four observations as a presample to initialize the model.

Generate Forecasts from Posterior Predictive Distribution

From the posterior predictive distribution, generate forecasts over a two-year horizon. Because sampling from the posterior predictive distribution requires the entire data set, specify the prior model in forecast instead of the posterior.

fh = 8;
rng(1); % For reproducibility
FY = forecast(PriorMdl,fh,rmDataTimeTable{:,seriesnames});

FY is an 8-by-3 matrix of forecasts.

Plot the end of the data set and the forecasts.

fp = rmDataTimeTable.Time(end) + calquarters(1:fh);
figure
plotdata = [rmDataTimeTable{end - 10:end,seriesnames}; FY];
plot([rmDataTimeTable.Time(end - 10:end); fp'],plotdata)
hold on
plot([fp(1) fp(1)],ylim,'k-.')
legend(seriesnames)
title('Data and Forecasts')
hold off

Compute Impulse Responses

Plot impulse response functions by passing posterior estimations to armairf.

armairf(PosteriorMdl.AR,[],'InnovCov',PosteriorMdl.Covariance)

More About

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References

[1] Litterman, Robert B. "Forecasting with Bayesian Vector Autoregressions: Five Years of Experience." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 25–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/1391384.

Version History

Introduced in R2020a