Missing byte reordering when transferring data

Different endianness of host and network

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Description

This defect occurs when you do not use a byte ordering function:

  • Before sending data to a network socket.

  • After receiving data from a network socket.

Risk

Some system architectures implement little endian byte ordering (least significant byte first), and other systems implement big endian (most significant byte first). If the endianness of the sent data does not match the endianness of the receiving system, the value returned when reading the data is incorrect.

Fix

After receiving data from a socket, use a byte ordering function such as ntohl(). Before sending data to a socket, use a byte ordering function such as htonl().

Examples

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <byteswap.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>


unsigned int func(int sock, int server)
{
    unsigned int num;   /* assume int is 32-bits */
    if (server)
    {
        /* Server side */
        num = 0x17;
		/* Endianness of server host may not match endianness of network. */
        if (send(sock, (void *)&num, sizeof(num), 0) < (int)sizeof(num)) 
        {
            /* Handle error */
        }
        return 0;
    }
    else {
        /* Endianness of client host may not match endianness of network. */
        if (recv (sock, (void *)&num, sizeof(num), 0) < (int) sizeof(num))  
        {
            /* Handle error */
        }
		
		/* Comparison may be inaccurate */
        if (num> 255)  
        {
            return 255;
        }
        else
        {
            return num;
        }
    }
}

In this example, variable num is assigned hexadecimal value 0x17 and is sent over a network to the client from the server. If the server host is little endian and the network is big endian, num is transferred as 0x17000000. The client then reads an incorrect value for num and compares it to a local numeric value.

Correction — Use Byte Ordering Function

Before sending num from the server host, use htonl() to convert from host to network byte ordering. Similarly, before reading num on the client host, use ntohl() to convert from network to host byte ordering.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <byteswap.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

unsigned int func(int sock, int server)
{
    unsigned int num;   /* assume int is 32-bits */
    if (server)
    {
        /* Server side */
        num = 0x17;
		
		/* Convert to network byte order. */
        num = htonl(num); 
        if (send(sock, (void *)&num, sizeof(num), 0) < (int)sizeof(num)) 
        {
            /* Handle error */
        }
        return 0;
    }
    else {
        if (recv (sock, (void *)&num, sizeof(num), 0) < (int) sizeof(num)) 
        {
            /* Handle error */
        }
		
		/* Convert to host byte order. */
        num = ntohl(num); 
        if (num > 255) 
        {
            return 255;
        }
        else
        {
            return num;
        }
    }
}

Result Information

Group: Programming
Language: C | C++
Default: Off
Command-Line Syntax: MISSING_BYTESWAP
Impact: Medium
PQL Name: std.defects.MISSING_BYTESWAP

Version History

Introduced in R2017b

See Also

Topics