Problem 56353. Convert Volume Mixing Ratio to Density

Created by Meg Noah

Solve Later

{"parts":[{"partUri":"/matlab/document.xml","contentType":"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml","content":"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?><w:document xmlns:w=\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\"><w:body><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>The partial pressure of a constituent gas species of the atmosphere can be expressed in parts per million by volume.  For example, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 400 ppm.  </w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>Write a script that takes as input parameters the air parcel characteristics at some altitude above ground:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>Observed Temperature of Air in K</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>Observed Pressure of Air in mb</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>The (string) name of the gas consituent</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>The parts per million (by volume) of the gas consituent</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>and outputs:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>The density of the gas consituent (in mg/m^3)</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>If the input gas name is 'DRY_AIR' and the partial pressure in PPMV is 1e6 (all the particles), the output will be the mass density of the air (roughly, since there are slight changes for humidity).  For other molecules, such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) or O3 (ozone), the value is the mass density of those consituents of the atmosphere. </w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>To make the conversion, first find the molecular density (molecules/cm3) of air (mix of all gases N2, O2, etc.) for the given temperature and pressure.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>The molecular density (also known as the number density) of air can be found from the Temperature and Pressure using the ideal gas law.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>N_{air}=\\frac{P}{RT}=N_0\\frac{P}{P_0}\\frac{T_0}{T}</w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>using Loschmidt’s number STP:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>N_0 = 2.6867811\\times10^{19} (\\text{molecules/cm}^{3}\\text{ at STP (NIST)}) </w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>And STP Temperature and Pressure:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>T_0 = 273.15 \\text{K}</w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>P_0 = 1013.25 \\text{ mb}</w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>Convert the molecular density to the mass density by multiplying</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>\\rho_{air}=\\frac{M_{gas}}{N_A}\\frac{PPMV}{1\\times10^6}N_{air}</w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>using Avagadro's number:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>N_A = 6.022140857\\times10^{23} (\\text{molecules/mole (NIST)})</w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>and </w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>M_{gas}</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t>=the molar mass (g/mole) of the molecule.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>The molar mass of ozone ('O3') is 47.9982.  The molar mass of carbon dioxide ('CO2') is 44.010.  The function template has a lookup table of common atmosphere gas constituents.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"code\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t><![CDATA[]]></w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t></w:t></w:r></w:p></w:body></w:document>","relationship":null}],"relationships":[{"relationshipType":"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document","target":"/matlab/document.xml","relationshipId":"rId1"}]}

<div style = "text-align: start; line-height: 20.44px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none solid rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; "><div style="block-size: 951.725px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 407px 475.862px; transform-origin: 407px 475.862px; vertical-align: baseline; "><div style="block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">The partial pressure of a constituent gas species of the atmosphere can be expressed in parts per million by volume.  For example, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 400 ppm.  </span></span></div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">Write a script that takes as input parameters the air parcel characteristics at some altitude above ground:</span></span></div><ul style="block-size: 81.75px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 40.875px; transform-origin: 391px 40.875px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; "><li style="block-size: 20.4375px; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2125px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2188px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">Observed Temperature of Air in K</span></span></li><li style="block-size: 20.4375px; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2125px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2188px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">Observed Pressure of Air in mb</span></span></li><li style="block-size: 20.4375px; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2125px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2188px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">The (string) name of the gas consituent</span></span></li><li style="block-size: 20.4375px; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2125px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2188px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">The parts per million (by volume) of the gas consituent</span></span></li></ul><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">and outputs:</span></span></div><ul style="block-size: 20.4375px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 10.2125px; transform-origin: 391px 10.2188px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; "><li style="display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.2125px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.2188px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">The density of the gas consituent (in mg/m^3)</span></span></li></ul><div style="block-size: 63px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 31.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 31.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">If the input gas name is 'DRY_AIR' and the partial pressure in PPMV is 1e6 (all the particles), the output will be the mass density of the air (roughly, since there are slight changes for humidity).  For other molecules, such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) or O3 (ozone), the value is the mass density of those consituents of the atmosphere. </span></span></div><div style="block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">To make the conversion, first find the molecular density (molecules/cm3) of air (mix of all gases N2, O2, etc.) for the given temperature and pressure.</span></span></div><div style="block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">The molecular density (also known as the number density) of air can be found from the Temperature and Pressure using the ideal gas law.</span></span></div><div style="block-size: 41px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 20.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 20.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="vertical-align:-17px"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAQMAAABSCAYAAABQdLEtAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAEepJREFUeF7tnQXsNkcRxp/iTvFA8VC8OJQUKw7B3d3dW6BQpLi7u1Pc3QMUCFAoBA1SoBCKBCkWLL+vO/9vvs3Ze7d39977ziZfmr7/u729Z/dmZ2eemdlL0QKBQCAQkLRXoBAIBAKBAAiEMIh1EAgEArsQCGEQCyEQCARCGMQaCAQCgd0IhGYQqyEQCARCM4g1EAgEAqEZxBoIBJaCwKUlfUDSWXsO+KOS7iDpd233xzGhDaH4eyAwLwL3kvQySW+Q9GxJP5L0d0mnlvTi9KEzwttLenMaKoLjoZIeLum5kh4p6V9trxHCoA2h+HsgMB8CJ08f838kHSTpODeUc0l6i6QDkoC4uaRvu7+fPf395U5INL5JCIP5JjqeHAi0IcAH/wxJB0v6WXbxNSV9PP32Tkl3l/Qnd80ZJL1C0hMyIVH7zBAGbdMRfw8E5kPgopL2l/QaSf9zw+C7PUTSYem3x0p6cnbN6ZIQeWomJEIYzDef8eRAoDgCp5X0KkkcDWjXkvSJoU8JzWAognF/IDA9AheQ9HZJF5f0JUm3lfTzocMIYTAUwbg/EJgegRtKel967Bsl3U/SX4YOI4TBUATL3r+vpDtJYrL3q+n6D5K+JunTkt4m6eiyQ4jeOiAw5zydMNkKHpXGiQsR9+HgFsJgMISjdHBBSYc7gXBnSewAJ5B0SUmHSrq+JAQDiwH/8r9HGUl02oTAHPOEYZC1cL2kDVxX0hdLTFMIgxIolu/jYpJwF7EDVZ0JzyPprcnS/GtJt5b0+fLDiB5bEJhjnvwzPyvpdpKOKTFTIQxKoFi+D38mhDTykMQ6syedRNLT0u/8hi+Zf979VH5U0WOOwBzzxMf/pjSQzuzCLlMXwqALStNek/uQ7y0JgZA3fMtPTD9WCYxpR719T5tjnvJNwFOQ62aAcV5V0gMk/SBpm5+T9Mpsg4nkJmu4hr0PGQsxPuQjWoQBxBKEA7TVaNMgMMc8nSlRjK9RQ0HO3xxBcBtJj5d0D0kIgbOkzeUXieJMnMOuFprBNAtnlad0ORMaZ50gFlqXHWKVMcS17QjMMU8+grGKgpyP2mxLX0kf/j/TBRw1XppIS0ZpDmHQPueTX9HlTMhCxK14oWRJRhjk3PXJB75lD5xjniyCEai72IlsjLiriXq0ZoLsI15IhGawXiu4y5lwnxS6eqPEOmOBfGy9XmPjRzPHPOXaIPP//gakT5ZCnu8r6SqZt8mOG6fw7MUQBuu1bs+WOAMHSvptmqgj0xDPLOk6kvj4oaNCPCJO/TPhRZh8EueYJx+yfJSkW0r6fsObe5vGFTMuAhGNcFPQEG4g6ethM5h8DbU+8AqSUN1IXAHX/DeJS8CNEIy+Jel7iYr6hdwa3Np7XFAKgannCbIZBkCSnNC6CAP74M+bbAM+10GloAjNoNTyKNMPfILnpK7CQ1AG0zF6mWqe+KCxB+E9gHHqG0dDiGZsEKQ2yz1JTcLAZ0na0RqahMH5kppKRBRqKe11ku6fZVyxAe6dmHA3lnTt9CO722slvUjS78eYlQ3qM09j1XYm3KBX3+NVwOEWSQ22dYQ2xG/frXhpuPocn1h3t0paFS7ZD0p6evpYSmK1lHka5ZiA8eH1kjizkH8tT6+UA23ujNMk4eDVk5KTsml9+bBUpD0LG5LItjbzhyMUaXXkK8PnpCkr0AMl3TPF+4/ByFzKPHkjZzEDoic6APzDUpRUHdBoFLi9CJ4gb5v5Nrd1UXd971HCUrs+fA2vQ2t9XPrH8N4j6W6S/lgzVrOe44uHaPPTkd5pSfNU51q0ACviXnao7l1sBnmq5k9KuqMkAmSqmhlXiLR790gTsmndjhaWumCg8mw+qP43kfSpmnc6Y4rm++GIm9DS5uncKY4Bb4HfmG8q6V2Sbua/0S7CAFcWEuYnKdaeudijk2xykDSQHLZdzV3lO7SFzNmXRV8sLHWVQazZtUaMwZeO2s9Z/QUNH7ptWo/omg24x/subZ6MjowLGkMkR/bTJzoyrus9Mi63CQMjOvwtqWmkWiIne50h0Ywr4Fwk+0qPCVviLV77KhqWukQw0pjZgCDMYLAm7gKtoMmQyKbFEbbNpjUEkiXOE25Jch/c1QUqQU+GjrxHdqQ2YWBEh5dIem/yCqD+c0TAevvVDFm7Ht50kewrQ2ZuIfeeKJGHLNMtxzA8OMcuZPxjDNOMXzDk0DTBgwSgtCqblV1/joqU4aXGt/Hz1CYMyM1O1RaTtnbWAGAWL/xo79/kejwPVYKi1KRsUj9XTx4Xc4nZu+EWI8cdLLGdqLJNevGWdzGGH4ZowrN9Mpcqm5VdTxkyNqHSXoStmKcmYWDx2mRgtQINHBEIeIAEgarhrbZ2PQbETrXdJlzcPva/72O3yd1nhBXz8/fFrG+eBdYQghDbFMYvDHd4FphHWm6z4nqM1WxWRVKA9X3hJd/XJAzMmgu3wGLluR61jZpv+aRUXb8u2IQwWG0m5hYGrDFceD6l1+XSUZUNKTckVl2/2hvH1Y0hzGbNpXijj47yKps3JNZdHzAHAqsgYEZoqgb7gqGeVOQNiXXXr/LMuLYluQlSGTdN7iL0Kps3JCLJScMVLsVYWkMQMIbfMytchJzdIR8hAMyQeM6U/Qcjt1UhHvL8rb237phg1ln8qlUuQq+yYUikzhtnOlS4utiFrQU5XnwlBNhUnlXjIiRN+KuTm9EMidQjfH5N7AIeAIzfZI/+jiSuxSiJtytSy2fTUicMzDoL2ysv6EgXp3RuRgyJ8MHxLOB+rEreucpqYOKY3AeliVvl3rh22QgYw4/aEHVGaCjJ5mbkQyfb0/krNi0EAdoD/IS7JI4C1xI4B/uO6NB1zRlJjoGmxCUlZxl+BtWaa20GRinGaltX0NG7GSEjXSIZfHYlShjQYC9ShhqjELUBSriJwoC42oTMZUA0ht83GxK85m5GiHF83DmvxbRXtAxzN5rHC94Cm866BtGtlTDgQ0TqNhV09G5Glhox1evmUrRPYEphACmL3WddGx9TW77EuYSBMfyIUKzbGXM3YxV926cxzyP24MKQBLQu4A67A+t+qgY3gqPR7K3qmGDWWaINUdWhIle13M0YyTiOR2kThMFcCxOVFRtVW0ovb7Oqom9bCTKMi3lfFrFHeLjxZ/z7hjBwaJiLkHpuRpGtWxwXkfSOdG5rS8YBR/pKiSdNkMQ/JHE/KiFnQKzInBU5bmDc4dmw70jbBPGJXePPiVPNGZC+KD7547lWbjy3KAK2CZHrEU9WUzIcb7OqqipktHiuy71b5q04rlQp86IozNhZrhlgdMEQ+OgOeQsYtvl+L9MCLDkRKAeGKxKXER813geKhnIcsdzthEZDZ35wMlCagYeKMFQdvo8kwjIRDPu3hLTOCGs8ugcCFIvByo+XoClvgXVtNquqTcg+eHIf5LUImwRFj2Fvzi1eGODDRU0jvRSNBJyQiqB5NlE8uY8Pmg+7ikdPxiMst5z1OKfRryWuIGTXKM12ziNSLS8kinR/SkphhWuJBUMQC+fFcBEtez3ycTLnqOyE19LQNrEZ8N+65DjYrJ6XKlLnGaGahIF5yjhKBCfGrZ22QKWhy4z+cTsiZJD2X04dGnX5r46XYL9hvMIQ+at0rU8ogVB5zJYG7wydi226f1OPCXm9hj5zWlt9a2xhYG4gXDh4KDin0cwARMJKkqVyHDBbxYclHex2BHM3McG4HakXEC0QaELANhY0hFUNiOuMrGk1aEV8O0S3Ylv5ryTzkjB+79nj6H+15K7HHrNTJyF/0bGFAWoYjC9UQNR7GnYGiEzm6yXdM83yteWSy9xNh2dCYp0nrWpsJJhgIjiGmTqcX4e6i0EVuwnFUXIV2afo7vP+uFirSGR9+lrne5pci1dOBUi7YrFv2oRw/+1X89IcfdmksGux3o8eCRz4P7itrYiqf0xT+nbwwF3LO9S6/8cWBubfxzgEeYnn8TEcKokjAgPDy0BF2CclCYYAQdIBKB8DRwyMjgiJqVhZI83ljq0E4ymNQigISvL2YVtBQPKxIizg4DPBpJunmbUdoYIxFkIWRVawmfgioD7UGmwvlfpkDto8PmO99xz9YtTGIEmEoycdgSnBd6vm3DCXpAkEXMh43MAYLxhrmtoGCAbsZ7goS9uzGDvfBu/kyXhd0rez2eK9q63WPbYwMOooAU8kSYEaykJHOnP+oUQ0EWhkTCJPAl4GjEanSov9xGkicTeOmfF2ysXqCVD57pRzN3w+AFReFhh2k5yZ2Zaxl5yK8EC2yWBmdGRyMpgNiszdGMUh+hCGv8rH6gUuWYVzQp5nRuI1y43gQ9cY34KRsWyDsD67pG/HyM/myrtXtrGFgbkUyb9GnAMSmg//hZIunIyB2Ag4OvA36M9oCJSRwjNhAB+x8COCgZ9LcNOY/OT4PHu+TgUfPEL0kOz40CVjL+qlEXr2yHs3dIWu+f2sK3ZEsLNAJbRLhOqqKfy9wK1K2pIb97pUSS4FX9tm0Ok5YwuDToPYoou8BK/aXYDCX8P/W/krOBgs6G9keHXJ2IvBFl4GQjja6gh4GwR31xV08Vpf3yxPq44uHxtHlF75R0MYrAr9sOvbdhd690U9CfpC3WxiWS4xY+8wFKe/29dwQLNCo0NbzZsXBlPR8/P6ElXaZifEQhh0gqnIRV0keJ6Bl3NtfizIB2NeGH6vouYWGfyWd+LtBXWp7K2sAMcxWq0/vzCWbbaMzo8LYdAZqsEX5rtLXigFqzRaAKo8RlZYn1ism7SC/JzaVo9w8EtsaQddBC4fJW5FciYwdwiDtujQEnCa+56+Bh1NQhiUmI5ufeQSHAs39QBxKeKuwneMtwUjI54VmJa4XJuakVAOTHEftYSSbkOMqyoQyAVu1Y6/T/KW4brF0o92QMn0sVtuPB60GYQwGHu6dvfvd5eqp7J44BbgXfllx6Qul09BXgiQdc4nMR3K5Z/kBS7RtrgUj0yPgdFHfA0fP4ZfiEckcYUwViIpT9vbeOMx7sxBm0EIgza4y/w9313YQfD3+rTzbdWtq0bCIsQNS5vKYFUGkeX04g267PoQvfDM0CAYQfKCK0PRG0hkUxa98cbjwZtBCINpFqXfXTxD0B8d2qpb5yPNDVbbxC6cZtaOf0oTzXfKcVQ9y0L+i2wGIQymmU6/u0CRtQw7PklHW8nxfKQWmXdA2p22iV04zaztpoBj36H1FbjUgMQGZEcHvjvIdW02oab3rNI2B9H1QxhMs6y8Op9TkH1i2VVcgxZwwxvAkY+q1+XnsgvNt+2plpEZe5BVIrOszQgZWKZ9mtc2j+qQKq71GSEMWiEafEGuzuekEM9pz+tXNj3cq6+9WWeD326zOxhK87VMYNgYfGyNCZkPpYxfq8RIGOJ12mbvGQlh0Bu6zjd6db6Kgpy7h7qQVfIYhzwDcOfBxYW1CHSJ+WiDzz56vAw+ubDNH/Ue+gbg+c2gSBxECIO26Rz+d590gsSvVRmnfdkwX7+y7uldYhyGj3y7e+gS89GGkBGC8o/V0v4Ryt7HDkHWZ9YJuUFpIQzaZmIN/p5TkEk0iwswb7m/uC3W3quvdQJmDV5/0UMoEfNhuze5DvJM4xbHsMoRj00DXgM5QdA4rVm+UvgpFDQ6pg/yoRn0Qa37PRY/z/mOVjfxeR6DppiEvVNyC7NwhzDoPh9dr8xjRHD7QjY6tmsH6Tr74KuYgU2CYsXHlLk8hEEZHPNeMBriAya5y2UrJDh0Y/gGvnnOAb+T5IWak5aZmtoR7Ah5+i1ckuwGpEzDIAUBJlp/BNh9iRFBxedsb418gxCLyIXQlVjUJAzMw1SlNfQf/YA7QxgMAC9uDQRaECh9TBgV8BAGo8IbnW85AmbbKW1AHAXWEAajwBqdBgK7EKhzLVIAiCMgR8i1YY6GMIhVGwiMh4CVBSB1necTGNEMktlBPfIxjjLiEAajwBqdBgI7CBgdmboheH745uCaoBFQQHhtDL4hDGLVBgLjI0AhFqqEGe0Y1yUVkfrGJYwy4hAGo8AanQYCy0MghMHy5ixGHAiMgkAIg1FgjU4DgeUhEMJgeXMWIw4ERkEghMEosEangcDyEAhhsLw5ixEHAqMgEMJgFFij00BgeQj8H0T6m48ymRT6AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="129.5" height="41" style="width: 129.5px; height: 41px;"></span></div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">using Loschmidt’s number STP:</span></span></div><ul style="block-size: 21.7px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 10.85px; transform-origin: 391px 10.85px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; "><li style="display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.85px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.85px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; "><span style="vertical-align:-6px"><img 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" width="328.5" height="21" style="width: 328.5px; height: 21px;"></span></li></ul><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">And STP Temperature and Pressure:</span></span></div><ul style="block-size: 43.4px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; list-style-type: square; margin-block-end: 20px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 391px 21.7px; transform-origin: 391px 21.7px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; "><li style="block-size: 21.7px; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.85px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.85px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; "><span style="vertical-align:-6px"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="87" height="20" style="width: 87px; height: 20px;"></span></li><li style="block-size: 21.7px; display: list-item; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-start: 56px; margin-left: 56px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363px 10.85px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 363px 10.85px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 56px; "><span style="vertical-align:-6px"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="103.5" height="20" style="width: 103.5px; height: 20px;"></span></li></ul><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">Convert the molecular density to the mass density by multiplying</span></span></div><div style="block-size: 40px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 20px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 20px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="vertical-align:-17px"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="138.5" height="40" style="width: 138.5px; height: 40px;"></span></div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">using Avagadro's number:</span></span></div><div style="block-size: 22.5px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 11.25px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 11.25px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="vertical-align:-6px"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="312" height="21" style="width: 312px; height: 21px;"></span></div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">and </span></span></div><div style="block-size: 22.5px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 11.25px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 11.25px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="vertical-align:-6px"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="29" height="20" style="width: 29px; height: 20px;"></span><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">=the molar mass (g/mole) of the molecule.</span></span></div><div style="block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style="">The molar mass of ozone ('O3') is 47.9982.  The molar mass of carbon dioxide ('CO2') is 44.010.  The function template has a lookup table of common atmosphere gas constituents.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); block-size: 20.4375px; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-end-end-radius: 4px; border-end-start-radius: 4px; border-start-end-radius: 4px; border-start-start-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; margin-block-end: 10px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-inline-end: 3px; margin-inline-start: 3px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 404px 10.2125px; transform-origin: 404px 10.2188px; margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-right: 3px; "><div style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-end-end-radius: 0px; border-end-start-radius: 0px; border-inline-end-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-end-style: solid; border-inline-end-width: 1px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-inline-start-style: solid; border-inline-start-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-start-end-radius: 0px; border-start-start-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-block-size: 18px; min-height: 18px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding-left: 4px; white-space: nowrap; "><span style="block-size: auto; border-inline-end-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: 0px; border-inline-start-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: 0px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-inline-end: 45px; margin-right: 45px; min-block-size: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px; padding-left: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; tab-size: 4; transform-origin: 0px 0px; white-space: pre; margin-right: 45px; "><span style="margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-right: 0px; "></span></span></div></div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 0px 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; "><span style=""></span></span></div></div></div>

The partial pressure of a constituent gas species of the atmosphere can be expressed in parts per million by volume.  For example, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 400 ppm.  
Write a script that takes as input parameters the air parcel characteristics at some altitude above ground:
Observed Temperature of Air in K
Observed Pressure of Air in mb
The (string) name of the gas consituent
The parts per million (by volume) of the gas consituent
and outputs:
The density of the gas consituent (in mg/m^3)
If the input gas name is 'DRY_AIR' and the partial pressure in PPMV is 1e6 (all the particles), the output will be the mass density of the air (roughly, since there are slight changes for humidity).  For other molecules, such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) or O3 (ozone), the value is the mass density of those consituents of the atmosphere. 
To make the conversion, first find the molecular density (molecules/cm3) of air (mix of all gases N2, O2, etc.) for the given temperature and pressure.
The molecular density (also known as the number density) of air can be found from the Temperature and Pressure using the ideal gas law.

using Loschmidt’s number STP:

And STP Temperature and Pressure:

Convert the molecular density to the mass density by multiplying

using Avagadro's number:

and 
=the molar mass (g/mole) of the molecule.
The molar mass of ozone ('O3') is 47.9982.  The molar mass of carbon dioxide ('CO2') is 44.010.  The function template has a lookup table of common atmosphere gas constituents.

Solve

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Adish on 9 Nov 2022

Good job!

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Problem 56353. Convert Volume Mixing Ratio to Density

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Problem 56353. Convert Volume Mixing Ratio to Density

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Last 200 Solutions

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Problem Recent Solvers32

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