Allpass Filter

Single-section or multiple-section allpass filter

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Libraries:
DSP System Toolbox / Filtering / Filter Implementations

Description

The Allpass Filter block filters each channel of the input signal independently using a single-section or multiple-section (cascaded) allpass filter. You can implement the allpass filter using a minimum multiplier, wave digital filter, or a lattice structure.

In minimum multiplier form, the block uses the minimum number of required multipliers, n, with 2n delay units and 2n adders. In wave digital filter form, the block uses only n multipliers and n delay units, at the expense of 3n adders. The lattice structure uses 2n multipliers, n delay units, and 2n adders. For more details on these structures, see Algorithms.

Ports

Input

x — Input data

column vector | row vector | matrix

Input data that is passed into the allpass filter. The block accepts real-valued or complex-valued multichannel inputs, that is, m-by-n size inputs, where m ≥ 1 and n ≥ 1. The block also accepts variable-size inputs, that is, you can change the size of each input channel during simulation. However, the number of channels cannot change.

This port is unnamed until you set Internal allpass structure to Minimum multiplier or Lattice, and select the Specify coefficients from input port parameter.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

coeffs — Allpass filter coefficients

column vector | row vector | matrix

This port inputs the coefficients of the allpass filter. When you set Internal allpass structure to Minimum multiplier, the coeffs port accepts matrices of size N-by-1 or N-by-2. When you set Internal allpass structure to Lattice, the coeffs port accepts an N-by-1 column vector or an 1-by-N row vector.

Dependencies

This port appears when you set Internal allpass structure to Minimum multiplier or Lattice, and select the Specify coefficients from input port parameter.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32

Output

Port_1 — Output of the allpass filter

column vector | row vector | matrix

The size of the filtered output matches the size of the input.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Parameters

If a parameter is listed as tunable, then you can change its value during simulation.

Internal allpass structure — Filter structure

Minimum multiplier (default) | Wave Digital Filter | Lattice

• Minimum multiplier — This structure uses the minimum number of required multipliers, n, with 2n delay units and 2n adders. The coefficients to this structure are specified through the Allpass polynomial coefficients parameter.

• Wave Digital Filter — The structure uses n multipliers and n delay units, at the expense of 3n adders. The coefficients to this structure are specified through the Wave Digital Filter allpass coefficients parameter.

• Lattice — The structure uses 2n multipliers, n delay units, and 2n adders. The coefficients to this structure are specified through the Lattice allpass coefficients parameter.

For more details on these structures, see Algorithms.

Specify coefficients from input port — Flag to specify allpass polynomial coefficients

off (default) | on

When you select this check box and set Internal allpass structure to Minimum multiplier, the allpass polynomial coefficients are input through the coeffs port. When you clear this check box, the allpass polynomial coefficients are specified on the block dialog through the Allpass polynomial coefficients parameter.

When you select this check box and set Internal allpass structure to Lattice, the lattice allpass coefficients are input through the coeffs port. When you clear this check box, the lattice allpass coefficients are specified on the block dialog through the Lattice allpass coefficients parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Internal allpass structure to Minimum multiplier or Lattice.

Allpass polynomial coefficients — Coefficients in minimum multiplier form

[-2^(-1/2), 1/2] (default) | N-by-1 matrix | N-by-2 matrix | N-by-4 matrix

Specify the real allpass polynomial filter coefficients in minimum multiplier form as an N-by-1 matrix, N-by-2 matrix, or an N-by-4 matrix.

• N-by-1 matrix — The block realizes N first-order allpass sections.

• N-by-2 matrix — The block realizes N second-order allpass sections.

• N-by-4 matrix — The block realizes N fourth-order allpass sections. (since R2024a)

The default value [-2^(-1/2), 1/2] defines a stable second-order allpass filter with poles and zeros at ±π/3 in the z-plane.

Tunable: Yes

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Internal allpass structure to Minimum multiplier and clear the Specify coefficients from input port parameter.

Wave Digital Filter allpass coefficients — Coefficients in wave digital filter form

[1/2, -2^(1/2)/3] (default) | N-by-1 matrix | N-by-2 matrix

Specify the real allpass filter coefficients in wave digital filter form. The coefficients can be N-by-1 matrix for N first-order allpass sections and N-by-2 matrix for N second-order allpass sections. The default value, [1/2, -2^(1/2)/3], is a transformed version of the default value of allpass polynomial coefficients. This value is computed using allpass2wdf(Allpass polynomial coefficients). These coefficients define the same stable second-order allpass filter as when the allpass structure is set to Minimum multiplier.

Tunable: Yes

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Internal allpass structure to Wave Digital Filter.

Indicate if last section is first order — Is last section first order

off (default) | on

• on — When you set select this check box, the last section is considered first order. Also, the second element of the last row of the N-by-2 matrix is ignored. In case of the minimum multiplier structure, if you specify an N-by-4 matrix, this parameter has no effect on the filter coefficients.

• off — When you do not select this check box, the last section is considered second-order.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Internal allpass structure to Minimum multiplier or Wave Digital Filter.

Lattice allpass coefficients — Coefficients in lattice form

[-2^(1/2)/3, 1/2] (default) | N-by-1 column vector | 1-by-N row vector

Specify the real or complex allpass coefficients as lattice reflection coefficients. The default value, [-2^(1/2)/3, 1/2], is a transformed and transposed version of the default value of the allpass polynomial coefficients. This value is computed using transpose(tf2latc(1, [1 A])), where A is the value specified in Allpass polynomial coefficients.

Tunable: Yes

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Internal allpass structure to Lattice and clear the Specify coefficients from input port parameter.

View Filter Response — Visualize filter response

button

Opens the Filter Visualization Tool, fvtool, and displays the magnitude response of the allpass filter. The response is based on the parameters. Changes made to these parameters update fvtool.

To update the magnitude response while fvtool is running, modify the block parameters and click Apply.

To view the magnitude response and phase response simultaneously, click the Magnitude and Phase responses button on the toolbar.

In this example, the magnitude response is flat and the phase response varies with frequencies. This varying phase response has applications in phase equalization, notch filtering, and multirate filtering. You can realize a lowpass filter using a parallel combination of two allpass filters that have 180 degrees of phase shift with respect to each other.

Simulate using — Type of simulation to run

Interpreted execution (default) | Code generation

Specify the type of simulation to run. You can set this parameter to:

• Interpreted execution –– Simulate model using the MATLAB^® interpreter. This option shortens startup time.

• Code generation –– Simulate model using generated C code. The first time you run a simulation, Simulink^® generates C code for the block. The C code is reused for subsequent simulations as long as the model does not change. This option requires additional startup time but provides faster subsequent simulations.

Block Characteristics

Data Types	double | single
Multidimensional Signals	No
Variable-Size Signals	Yes

Algorithms

The transfer function of an allpass filter is given by

$$H(z)=\frac{c(n)+c(n-1)z^{-1}+\mathrm{...}+z^{-n}}{1+c(1)z^{-1}+\mathrm{...}+c(n)z^{-n}}$$.

c is allpass polynomial coefficients vector. The order, n, of the transfer function is the length of vector c.

In the minimum multiplier form and wave digital form, the allpass filter is implemented as a cascade of either second-order (biquad) sections or first-order sections. When the coefficients are specified as an N-by-2 matrix, each row of the matrix specifies the coefficients of a second-order filter. The last element of the last row can be ignored based on the trailing first-order setting. When the coefficients are specified as an N-by-1 matrix, each element in the matrix specifies the coefficient of a first-order filter. The cascade of all the filter sections forms the allpass filter.

In the lattice form, the coefficients are specified as a vector.

These structures are computationally more economical and structurally more stable compared to the generic IIR filters, such as df1, df1t, df2, df2t. For all structures, the allpass filter can be a single-section or a multiple-section (cascaded) filter. The different sections can have different orders, but they are all implemented according to the same structure.

Minimum Multiplier

This structure realizes the allpass filter with the minimum number of required multipliers, equal to the order n. It also uses 2n delay units and 2n adders. The multipliers uses the specified coefficients, which are equal to the polynomial vector c in the allpass transfer function.

In this second-order section of the minimum multiplier structure, the coefficients vector, c, is equal to [0.1 -0.7].

In this fourth-order section of the minimum multiplier structure, the coefficients vector, c, is equal to [-0.7071 0.5 0.4 0.25].

Wave Digital Filter

This structure uses n multipliers, but only n delay units, at the expense of requiring 3n adders. To use this structure, specify the coefficients in wave digital filter (WDF) form. Obtain the WDF equivalent of the conventional allpass coefficients using allpass2wdf(allpass_coefficients). To convert WDF coefficients into the equivalent allpass polynomial form, use wdf2allpass(WDF coefficients). In this second-order section of the WDF structure, the coefficients vector w is equal to allpass2wdf([0.1 -0.7]).

Lattice

This lattice structure uses 2n multipliers, n delay units, and 2n adders. To use this structure, specify the coefficients as a vector.

You can obtain the lattice equivalent of the conventional allpass coefficients using transpose(tf2latc(1, [1 allpass_coefficients])). In the following second-order section of the lattice structure, the coefficients vector is computed using transpose(tf2latc(1, [1 0.1 -0.7])). Use these coefficients for a filter that is functionally equivalent to the minimum multiplier structure with coefficients [0.1 -0.7].

References

[1] Regalia, Philip A., Sanjit K. Mitra, and P.P.Vaidyanathan. “The Digital All-Pass Filter: A Versatile Signal Processing Building Block.” Proceedings of the IEEE. 76, no. 1 (1988): 19–37.

[2] Lutovac, M., D. Tosic, and B. Evans. Filter Design for Signal Processing Using MATLAB and Mathematica. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2016b

R2024a: Change in the default value of Simulate using parameter

The default value of the Simulate using parameter is now Interpreted execution. With this change, the block uses the MATLAB interpreter for simulation by default.

R2024a: Minimum multiplier structure supports fourth-order allpass sections

When you set the Internal allpass structure parameter to Minimum multiplier, you can specify an N-by-4 matrix of filter coefficients in the Allpass polynomial coefficients parameter, where N is the number of filter sections.