# spectralRolloffPoint

Spectral rolloff point for audio signals and auditory spectrograms

## Syntax

``rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(x,f)``
``rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(x,f,Name=Value)``
``spectralRolloffPoint(___)``

## Description

example

````rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(x,f)` returns the spectral rolloff point of the signal, `x`, over time. How the function interprets `x` depends on the shape of `f`.```

example

````rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(x,f,Name=Value)` specifies options using one or more name-value arguments.```

example

````spectralRolloffPoint(___)` with no output arguments plots the spectral rolloff point. You can specify an input combination from any of the previous syntaxes. If the input is in the time domain, the spectral rolloff point is plotted against time.If the input is in the frequency domain, the spectral rolloff point is plotted against frame number. ```

## Examples

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Read in an audio file. Calculate the rolloff point using default parameters.

```[audioIn,fs] = audioread("Counting-16-44p1-mono-15secs.wav"); rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(audioIn,fs);```

Plot the spectral rolloff point against time.

`spectralRolloffPoint(audioIn,fs)`

Read in an audio file and then calculate the mel spectrogram using the `melSpectrogram` function. Calculate the rolloff point of the mel spectrogram over time.

```[audioIn,fs] = audioread("Counting-16-44p1-mono-15secs.wav"); [s,cf,t] = melSpectrogram(audioIn,fs); rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(s,cf);```

Plot the spectral rolloff point against the frame number.

`spectralRolloffPoint(s,cf)`

`[audioIn,fs] = audioread("Counting-16-44p1-mono-15secs.wav");`

Calculate the rolloff point of the power spectrum over time. Calculate the rolloff point for 50 ms Hamming windows of data with 25 ms overlap. Use the range from 62.5 Hz to `fs`/2 for the rolloff point calculation.

```rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(audioIn,fs, ... Window=hamming(round(0.05*fs)), ... OverlapLength=round(0.025*fs), ... Range=[62.5,fs/2]);```

Plot the spectral rolloff point against time.

```spectralRolloffPoint(audioIn,fs, ... Window=hamming(round(0.05*fs)), ... OverlapLength=round(0.025*fs), ... Range=[62.5,fs/2])```

Create a `dsp.AudioFileReader` object to read in audio data frame-by-frame. Create a `dsp.SignalSink` to log the spectral rolloff point calculation.

```fileReader = dsp.AudioFileReader('Counting-16-44p1-mono-15secs.wav'); logger = dsp.SignalSink;```

In an audio stream loop:

1. Read in a frame of audio data.

2. Calculate the spectral rolloff point for the frame of audio.

3. Log the spectral rolloff point for later plotting.

To calculate the spectral rolloff point for only a given input frame, specify a window with the same number of samples as the input, and set the overlap length to zero. Plot the logged data.

```win = hamming(fileReader.SamplesPerFrame); while ~isDone(fileReader) audioIn = fileReader(); rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(audioIn,fileReader.SampleRate, ... 'Window',win, ... 'OverlapLength',0); logger(rolloffPoint) end plot(logger.Buffer) ylabel('Rolloff Point (Hz)')```

Use `dsp.AsyncBuffer` if

• The input to your audio stream loop has a variable samples-per-frame.

• The input to your audio stream loop has an inconsistent samples-per-frame with the analysis window of `spectralRolloffPoint`.

• You want to calculate the spectral rolloff point for overlapped data.

Create a `dsp.AsyncBuffer` object, reset the logger, and release the file reader.

```buff = dsp.AsyncBuffer; reset(logger) release(fileReader)```

Specify that the spectral rolloff point is calculated for 50 ms frames with a 25 ms overlap.

```fs = fileReader.SampleRate; samplesPerFrame = round(fs*0.05); samplesOverlap = round(fs*0.025); samplesPerHop = samplesPerFrame - samplesOverlap; win = hamming(samplesPerFrame); while ~isDone(fileReader) audioIn = fileReader(); write(buff,audioIn); while buff.NumUnreadSamples >= samplesPerHop audioBuffered = read(buff,samplesPerFrame,samplesOverlap); rolloffPoint = spectralRolloffPoint(audioBuffered,fs, ... 'Window',win, ... 'OverlapLength',0); logger(rolloffPoint) end end release(fileReader)```

Plot the logged data.

```plot(logger.Buffer) ylabel('Rolloff Point (Hz)')```

## Input Arguments

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Input signal, specified as a vector, matrix, or 3-D array. How the function interprets `x` depends on the shape of `f`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Sample rate or frequency vector in Hz, specified as a scalar or vector, respectively. How the function interprets `x` depends on the shape of `f`:

• If `f` is a scalar, `x` is interpreted as a time-domain signal, and `f` is interpreted as the sample rate. In this case, `x` must be a real vector or matrix. If `x` is specified as a matrix, the columns are interpreted as individual channels.

• If `f` is a vector, `x` is interpreted as a frequency-domain signal, and `f` is interpreted as the frequencies, in Hz, corresponding to the rows of `x`. In this case, `x` must be a real L-by-M-by-N array, where L is the number of spectral values at given frequencies of `f`, M is the number of individual spectra, and N is the number of channels.

• The number of rows of `x`, L, must be equal to the number of elements of `f`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

### Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as `Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN`, where `Name` is the argument name and `Value` is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose `Name` in quotes.

Example: `Window=hamming(256)`

Threshold of rolloff point, specified as a scalar between zero and one, exclusive.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Note

The following name-value arguments apply if `x` is a time-domain signal. If `x` is a frequency-domain signal, name-value arguments are ignored.

Window applied in the time domain, specified as a real vector. The number of elements in the vector must be in the range [1, `size(x,1)`]. The number of elements in the vector must also be greater than `OverlapLength`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Number of samples overlapped between adjacent windows, specified as an integer in the range [0, `size(Window,1)`).

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Number of bins used to calculate the DFT of windowed input samples, specified as a positive scalar integer. If unspecified, `FFTLength` defaults to the number of elements in the `Window`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Frequency range in Hz, specified as a two-element row vector of increasing real values in the range [0, `f`/2].

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Spectrum type, specified as `"power"` or `"magnitude"`:

• `"power"` –– The spectral rolloff point is calculated for the one-sided power spectrum.

• `"magnitude"` –– The spectral rolloff point is calculated for the one-sided magnitude spectrum.

Data Types: `char` | `string`

## Output Arguments

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Spectral rolloff point in Hz, returned as a scalar, vector, or matrix. Each row of `rolloffPoint` corresponds to the spectral rolloff point of a window of `x`. Each column of `rolloffPoint` corresponds to an independent channel.

## Algorithms

The spectral rolloff point is calculated as described in [1]:

`$\text{rolloffPoint}=i$`

such that

`$\sum _{k={b}_{1}}^{i}{s}_{k}=\kappa \sum _{k={b}_{1}}^{{b}_{2}}{s}_{k}$`

where

• sk is the spectral value at bin k.

• b1 and b2 are the band edges, in bins, over which to calculate the spectral spread.

• κ is the percentage of total energy contained between b1 and i. You can set κ using `Threshold`.

## References

[1] Scheirer, E., and M. Slaney, "Construction and Evaluation of a Robust Multifeature Speech/Music Discriminator," IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Volume 2, 1997, pp. 1221–1224.

## Version History

Introduced in R2019a