Cepstral Feature Extractor
(To be removed) Extract cepstral features from audio segment
The Cepstral Feature Extractor block will be removed in a future release. For more information, see Version History.
Libraries:
Audio Toolbox /
Measurements
Description
The Cepstral Feature Extractor block extracts cepstral features from an audio segment. Cepstral features are commonly used to characterize speech and music signals.
Examples
Ports
Input
Port_1 — Audio input to cepstral feature extractor
column vector | matrix
Audio input to the cepstral feature extractor, specified as a column vector or a matrix. If specified as a matrix, the columns are treated as independent audio channels.
Data Types: single
| double
Output
coeffs — Cepstral coefficients
column vector | matrix
Cepstral coefficients, returned as a column vector or a matrix. If the coefficients matrix is an N-by-M matrix, N is determined by the values you specify in the Number of coefficients to return and Log energy usage parameters. M equals the number of input audio channels.
When the Log energy usage parameter is set to:
Append
–– The block prepends the log energy value to the coefficients vector. The length of the coefficients vector is 1 + NumCoeffs, where NumCoeffs is the value specified in the Number of coefficients to return parameter.Replace
–– The block replaces the first coefficient with the log energy of the signal. The length of the coefficients vector is NumCoeffs.Ignore
–– The block does not calculate or return the log energy.
This port is unnamed until you select Output delta parameter, the Output delta-delta parameter, or both.
Data Types: single
| double
delta — Change in coefficients
column vector | matrix
Change in coefficients over consecutive calls to the algorithm, returned as a column vector or a matrix. The delta array is of the same size and data type as the coeffs array.
Dependencies
To enable this port, select the Output delta parameter.
Data Types: single
| double
deltaDelta — Change in delta values
column vector | matrix
Change in delta values over consecutive calls to the algorithm, returned as a column vector or a matrix. The deltaDelta array is the same size and data type as the coeffs and delta arrays.
Dependencies
To enable this port, select the Output delta-delta parameter.
Data Types: single
| double
Parameters
If a parameter is listed as tunable, then you can change its value during simulation.
Filter bank type — Type of filter bank
Mel
(default) | Gammatone
Type of filter bank, specified as either Mel
or
Gammatone
:
Mel
–– The block computes the mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC).Gammatone
–– The block computes the gammatone cepstral coefficients (GTCC).
Tunable: No
Domain of the input signal — Input signal domain
Time
(default) | Frequency
Input signal domain, specified as either Time
or Frequency
.
Tunable: No
Number of coefficients to return — Number of coefficients to return
13
(default) | positive integer
Number of coefficients to return, specified as an integer in the range [2, v], where v is the number of valid passbands. The number of valid passbands depends on the type of filter bank:
Mel
–– The number of valid passbands is defined assum(κ <= floor(fs/2))-2
, whereκ
is the number of band edges in the mel filter bank andfs
is the sample rate.Gammatone
–– The number of valid passbands is defined asceil(
, wherehz2erb
(R(2))-hz2erb
(R(1)))R
is the frequency range of the gammatone filter bank.
Tunable: No
Data Types: single
| double
Nonlinear rectification — Type of nonlinear rectification
Log
(default) | Cubic-Root
Type of nonlinear rectification applied prior to the discrete cosine transform.
Tunable: No
Inherit FFT length from input dimensions — Inherit FFT length from input
on
(default) | off
When you select this parameter, the FFT length is equal to the number of rows in the input signal.
Tunable: No
Dependencies
To enable this parameter, set Domain of the input
signal to Time
.
FFTLength — FFT length
[]
(default) | positive integer
FFT length, specified as a positive integer. The default,
[]
, means that the FFT length is equal to the number
of rows in the input signal.
Tunable: No
Dependencies
To enable this parameter, set Domain of the input
signal to Time
and select the
Inherit FFT length from input dimensions
parameter.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Log energy usage — Specify how the log energy is shown
Append
(default) | Replace
| Ignore
Specify how the log energy is shown in the coefficients vector output, specified as:
Append
–– The block prepends the log energy to the coefficients vector. The length of the coefficients vector is 1 + NumCoeffs, where NumCoeffs is the value specified in the Number of coefficients to return parameter.Replace
–– The block replaces the first coefficient with the log energy of the signal. The length of the coefficients vector is NumCoeffs.Ignore
–– The block does not calculate or return the log energy.
Tunable: No
Output delta — Output delta values
off
(default) | on
When you select this parameter, an additional output port, delta, is added to the block. This port outputs the change in coefficients over consecutive calls to the algorithm.
Tunable: No
Output delta-delta — Output delta-delta values
off
(default) | on
When you select this parameter, an additional output port, deltaDelta, is added to the block. This port outputs the change in delta values over consecutive calls to the algorithm.
Tunable: No
Inherit sample rate from input — Specify source of input sample rate
off
(default) | on
When you select this parameter, the block inherits its sample rate from the input signal. When you clear this parameter, you specify the sample rate in Input sample rate (Hz) parameter.
Tunable: No
Input sample rate (Hz) — Sample rate of input
16000
(default) | positive scalar
Input sample rate in Hz, specified as a real positive scalar.
Dependencies
To enable this parameter, clear the Inherit sample rate from input parameter.
Simulate using — Specify type of simulation to run
Code generation
(default) | Interpreted execution
Code generation
–– Simulate model using generated C code. The first time you run a simulation, Simulink® generates C code for the block. The C code is reused for subsequent simulations, as long as the model does not change. This option requires additional startup time, but the speed of the subsequent simulations is comparable toInterpreted execution
.Interpreted execution
–– Simulate model using the MATLAB® interpreter. This option shortens startup time but has a slower simulation speed thanCode generation
. In this mode, you can debug the source code of the block.
Tunable: No
Gammatone frequency range (Hz) — Frequency range of gammatone filter bank (Hz)
[50 8000]
(default) | two-element row vector
Frequency range of the gammatone filter bank in Hz, specified as a positive, monotonically increasing two-element row vector. The maximum frequency range can be any finite number. The center frequencies of the filter bank are equally spaced across the frequency range on the ERB scale.
Tunable: No
Dependencies
To enable this parameter, set Filter bank type to
Gammatone
.
Band edges of Mel filter bank (Hz) — Band edges of mel filter bank
row vector
Band edges of the filter bank in Hz, specified as a nonnegative monotonically increasing row vector in the range [0, ∞). The maximum bandedge frequency can be any finite number. The number of bandedges must be in the range [4, 80].
The default band edges are spaced linearly for the first ten and then logarithmically thereafter. The default band edges are set as recommended by [1].
Tunable: No
Dependencies
To enable this parameter, set Filter bank type to
Mel
.
Domain for Mel filter bank design — Mel filter bank design domain
Hz
(default) | Bin
Mel filter bank design domain, specified as either
Hz
or Bin
. The
filter bank is designed as overlapped triangles with band edges specified by
the Band edges of filter bank (Hz) parameter.
The band edges are specified in Hz. When you set the design domain to:
Tunable: No
Dependencies
To enable this parameter, set Filter bank type to
Mel
.
Filter bank normalization — Normalize filter bank
Bandwidth
(default) | Area
| None
Normalization technique used to normalize the weights of the filter bank, specified as:
Bandwidth
–– The weights of each bandpass filter are normalized by the corresponding bandwidth of the filter.Area
–– The weights of each bandpass filter are normalized by the corresponding area of the bandpass filter.None
–– The weights of the filter are not normalized.
Tunable: No
Block Characteristics
Data Types |
|
Direct Feedthrough |
|
Multidimensional Signals |
|
Variable-Size Signals |
|
Zero-Crossing Detection |
|
Algorithms
Auditory Cepstrum Coefficients
Auditory cepstrum coefficients are popular features extracted from speech signals for use in recognition tasks. In the source-filter model of speech, cepstral coefficients are understood to represent the filter (vocal tract). The vocal tract frequency response is relatively smooth, whereas the source of voiced speech can be modeled as an impulse train. As a result, the vocal tract can be estimated by the spectral envelope of a speech segment.
The motivating idea of cepstral coefficients is to compress information about the vocal tract (smoothed spectrum) into a small number of coefficients based on an understanding of the cochlea. Although there is no hard standard for calculating the coefficients, the basic steps are outlined by the diagram.
Two popular implementations of the filter bank are the mel filter bank and the gammatone filter bank.
The default mel filter bank linearly spaces the first 10 triangular filters and logarithmically spaces the remaining filters.
The default gammatone filter bank is composed of gammatone filters spaced linearly
on the ERB scale between 50 and 8000 Hz. The filter bank is designed by gammatoneFilterBank
.
Log Energy
If the input (x) is a time-domain signal, the log energy is computed using the following equation:
If the input (x) is a frequency-domain signal, the log energy is computed using the following equation:
References
[1] Auditory Toolbox. https://engineering.purdue.edu/~malcolm/interval/1998-010/AuditoryToolboxTechReport.pdf
[2] ETSI ES 201 108 V1.1.3 (2003-09). https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_es/201100_201199/201108/01.01.03_60/es_201108v010103p.pdf
Extended Capabilities
C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.
Version History
Introduced in R2018aR2022b: To be removed
The Cepstral Feature Extractor block will be removed in a future release. Use the MFCC block or a combination of the Auditory Spectrogram, Cepstral Coefficients, and Audio Delta blocks instead.
Cepstral Feature Extractor Configuration | Recommended Replacement |
---|---|
Filter bank type parameter set to
| Use the MFCC block. |
Filter bank type parameter set to
| Use the Auditory Spectrogram block combined with the Cepstral Coefficients block. See Extract GTCC from Audio in Simulink for an example. |
Output delta or Output delta-delta parameters selected | If using the MFCC block, select the Append delta or Append delta-delta parameters. If using the Cepstral Coefficients block instead, use the Audio Delta block to extract delta features. |
Log energy usage parameter set to
| No replacement |
Band edges of Mel filter bank (Hz) parameter specified | No replacement |
Domain for Mel filter bank design
parameter set to | No replacement |
See Also
MFCC | Cepstral
Coefficients | mfcc
| gtcc
| cepstralCoefficients
| audioFeatureExtractor
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